Business Cycle Transparency

Developed economies are more transparent than emerging economies are. We all have heard about this, haven't we? If that is the fact, then I need to make myself work harder to believe it.

After the great recession hit the world in the year 2008, I could never understand clearly in what phase of the business cycle the US was and has been. Is it early upswing or late upswing or is it slowdown? Only thing I am sure about is that it is certainly neither initial recovery nor recession (please correct me if I am wrong). Recent healthy economic growth and relatively low inflation in the US suggests that we are in early upswing. There are no restrictive policies in the place as of now and that does not put us in the late upswing phase. But nervous investors have begun to think that equities are volatile and stock market is near its all-time peak in the 2007. Isn't that favoring late upswing? It is dilemma to me since I am not an economist! Capital market expectations are always critical to judge after prolonged recessions and a depression. If we observe emerging economies, they are believed to bounce back from shocks faster than developed nations do. This was true even after the great recession. For example, India is clearly in late upswing phase where it is feeling tremendous inflationary pressure. Equity markets in India have shown considerable volatility. Monetary policies have become restrictive and short rates are rising to curb boom mentality. India is showing business cycle transparency which I want to observe here in the US. But I may be asking too much from $14 trillion economy. Perhaps that transparency has partly been offset by the great recession.

Inflation, Commodity Futures, Speculating, Hedging... And Coffee.

Few days ago, I read the news uttering about the Americans' reactions on the inflation- especially on higher food prices. And I immediately tweeted that the Americans should not outcry for higher prices when they have no idea about the painful inflation in the emerging markets. I spent 22 years in India and I can understand how cheaper the daily necessities in the US are.

Commodity futures are positively correlated with the inflation and that is the reason why investors choose them as an inflation-hedge in the long-run. Commodity prices are speculator's & hedger's game besides the global demand-supply. If perceived price risk in the future is higher for consumers of commodities, they buy the futures and the net long position sends market towards the contango. And if perceived price risk in the future is higher for producers of commodities, they sell the futures and the net short position pushes market towards the backwardation. Generally, perceived price risk in the future is higher for producers and because of this, commodity markets are in normal backwardation most of the time. But consistent upward pressure in the global inflation in the recent years has pushed the global commodity market in normal contango.

If we talk about the whopping prices of coffee, Starbucks is being considered as one of the culprits who pushed coffee futures in the contagion world. Based on their recent quarterly reports, they have shown noticeable hedging activities especially in coffee futures. Their speculation of higher coffee prices in the future made them take net long positions in the coffee futures. Per recent Financial Times news story, they are fully hedged against their needs until the end of this calendar year in April. And that tells the whole story about the speculation. I do not find any fundamentals.


It is a simple phenomenon. If bigger players like Starbucks keep on buying futures, then demand for futures increases regardless of other fundamental or economic factors. And contango stands out as a bull market with a possible commodity bubble. It is not illegal for corporations to perform hedging activities, but there should be some difference between speculating and hedging. Per my knowledge, whatever Starbucks is doing is speculation and whatever all airlines are doing is hedging.